Islamic Architecture

Breathtaking. Is there any other word that accurately describes the domes and arches that dominate Islamic architecture? If you’ve had the opportunity to visit the Taj Mahal or other destinations, it’s nearly mesmerizing. From a distance, they are impressive, but as you approach, these buildings truly come to life.

The mosaic details. The stunning colour. The spaces that pull you in – it’s hard to describe the movement and function of these spaces. Yet, that’s exactly what makes Islamic architecture such a unique blend of modern and contemporary. 

Islamic architecture offers a stunning, detail-oriented masterpiece of art in many of its buildings. These are building traditions that began around the 7th century. They are founded in the traditions of the Muslim religion. Some of the best examples are in the religious buildings. From the impressive details of a mosque to the intricate design of a madrasah, each building seems to be its own piece of art. It is quite a fascinating design principle.

Exploring the History of Islamic Architecture

This isn’t a trend either, but a long-standing exploration of beauty and function. Some of the earliest notable forms of Islamic architecture are found in late AD 690s. For example, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is one of the most iconic examples. It, along with the Great Mosque in Damascus, share a lot of architectural features found in early Christian design. That includes beautiful domes and columned arches. 

One of the more prominent components of this early design was the semicircular horseshoe arch. It’s found throughout this period. Another element commonly found are the decorative and detailed surfaces on many of the buildings. Beautiful detail really defines much of this cultural expression.

Modern Islamic architecture is a bit different, of course. Much of it continues to cherish and honour the history of this culture. Yet, buildings are more refined. They add a bit more sophistication. Still stunning, these properties are elevated in a way that’s hard to imagine being possible. They are purposefully built, too. Contemporary Islamic architecture still incorporates many of the domes and arches of older styles. What is different is the more versatile use of materials. 

Islamic architecture, in general, has always had an eye on the future. New techniques and methods are often sought. Incorporating beautiful spaces into daily life is common. Yet, aesthetic values and views have changed significantly. While religion still remains a core component of many of the details of this architectural influence, there seems to be more refinement. And marvellous and mind-bending details exist around every curve and arch.

Photo by Mosquegrapher

The Design Principles of Islamic Architecture

Perhaps the best way to explore Islamic architecture characteristics is to look at the details. It’s often these details that help to paint a story of what this culturally significant architecture represents.

The Principle of Mass

One of the core principles of architecture found in Islamic design is mass. It is used in nearly all components of the architectural design. There may not be a better example of it than the mosques. The use of mass helps to add domes one on top of the other. This is notable easily on the roofs of mosques. You can see how the structure has many additive features. Comparatively, mass is taken away and minimized in courtyards, another important component of this design.

Symmetry

Another very common component of Islamic architecture is the use of symmetry. In its artistic elements and patterns, symmetry is nearly always present in these buildings. It is used, in fact, as a type of art form. This follows a unique belief from the religion. That belief is that anything created must be done with pure intensions and with the goal of creating beauty. Symmetry is a natural way to add beauty to a structure because it creates visually appealing balance.

Abstraction

Another principle of Islamic architecture is the use of abstraction. This is the method of breaking down and finding the essential characteristics that make up the structure. It’s easily represented throughout architectural works through grids and shapes. Patterns, some of which are quite intricate, are also found throughout Islamic architecture. 

Circulation 

Another very prominent component of Islamic architecture is the concept of circulation, or the way in which a person would move within the building. This is another example of the seeking of beauty and balance. It’s common, for example, for buildings to have a courtyard prior to the main entrance. This encourages people to walk towards the building. Then, many will have large entry ways followed by small hallways. These help to steer a person through the building and space.

Colour

Though the atmosphere often creates a pale, almost white-like backdrop for architecture, there is a great deal of colour present. Islamic architecture uses color as a way to highlight every specific architectural object. It also is used to show which building is more important and valuable. Stained glass, for example, is often brightly colored and placed only in areas that are of significant importance.

Photo by Victoriano Izquierdo

Key Characteristics of Architecture 

There are a few notable components that make Islamic architecture stand out and truly memorable. Whether traditional or modern Islamic architecture, these core components and design elements help to utilize design principles like those above to communicate valuable messages. It’s quite spectacular to see these elements come together.

Domes

Perhaps the most recognizable of all features is the dome. Domes are on pendentives. This allows for a rounded dome to be placed on a rectangular room. The pendentives are structures nearly always covered in mosaic tile many with beautiful detail.

Minarets 

Another key part of these are minarets. They are towering spires that seem to move endlessly towards the sky. Inside, they contain staircases, and many will have smaller windows. While they create a visually stunning look, they are also a functional component of the structure. Their purpose is to call Muslims to prayer five times a day.

Arches

As noted, arches are a very common component of Islamic architecture. They are found in both traditional and modern Islamic architecture, but there are options to consider:

• Horseshoe arches (often called keyhole arches)

• Scalloped architects (often called multifoil)

• Pointed architects (these are what eventually led to the development of Gothic arches)

• Ogee arches (multi-curved arches)

Muqarnas Vaulting

Also noted in many of the more elite buildings is muqarnas vaulting. It’s the use of a pattern (often a honeycomb pattern) to create textured or monochromatic details in the space. Often placed on the ceilings of buildings, this can add depth of colour. The intricacy of this design is one of the hallmarks of this form of architecture. This is where the detailing of Islamic architecture takes centre stage – it would seem like these details tool decades to perfect. It’s quite alluring!

Ornamental Components

While many examples of Islamic architecture show the functionality of spaces, there are also ornamental components. Most prominently is the use of mosaic tile. Many will have bright or muted colours. They are placed in patterns, some of which are geometric. Patterns like arabesque are quite commonly used.

It’s also possible to see the use of wood in the form of lattices in this type of architecture. Muslin traditions encourage privacy. For that reason, many windows will have lattice on them. This also helps to provide shade in an area that is notably very warm. In modern Islamic architecture, most lattice work is just for décor. 

Outdoor Details

The outdoor spaces surrounding buildings in this area play an important role in their overall function and use. It is very common for these areas to encourage people to gather. Many have important functional uses for religion, but others do not. As you approach these spaces, you'll feel a desire to move further into them. It's as if you are pulled in to explore the beauty of the building.

It is very common to see gardens and courtyards, for example. Many will also notice walled interiors to those courtyards to enhance privacy. There are also open halls in these spaces, often held up with long, beautifully constructed columns. Vaulting throughout the exterior and interior is also quite common. It’s a splendid example of attention to detail -and you haven’t even stepped inside yet.

Islamic Architecture Examples

There may not be a better way to understand this architectural design than to explore Islamic architecture examples. There are a number of famous Islamic architecture structures throughout the Middle East (and there are some examples of this influence spreading throughout the world). 

Consider these quite impressive examples of Islamic architecture.

Photo by Getty Images

Taj Mahal

There may not be a more well-known example of Islamic architecture than the Taj Mahal. Built in the 1630s, the building was crafted as a mausoleum complex. It was commissioned by Shah Jahan, who was the emperor. His cherished wife died during the childbirth of their 14th child. Sitting on the banks of the river, this massive structure took two decades to build. It is quite large, with the final of the dome standing 240 feet (73 meters) above ground. 

It is easy to see virtually all of the characteristics of Islamic architecture within this structure. There are other elements as well, including some Persian and Indian components. 

Notable details include the stunning white-like appearance of the building at a distance. As a person approaches, there are beautiful details throughout it. Arabic calligraphy is present. There are also semiprecious stones inlaid throughout the structure with beautiful precision.

Photo by Adam Kring

The Rock of Jerusalem

Another of the most famous Islamic architectural pieces of true art is the Rock in Jerusalem and, more specifically, its dome. It takes to the 7th century. It is also one of the oldest standing monuments in this culture. It is noted for many things, but perhaps most recognized by the dome itself. In Byzantine style, the gold-planted wood dome sits on an octagonal base building. This, too, is quite common with Islamic architecture.

The surrounding building is a masterpiece of art in many ways. The geometric mosaics and bright colours bring this building to life. The gilded wooden dome calls attention to those around. Within the base, there are two circular areas around a patch of exposed rock. It is important to note that this is considered a very sacred area, and as such, much of the design focuses on honouring those beliefs. The interior, built with the intention of being beautiful, features marble, metal plaques, and stunning mosaics.

Photo by Dimitry B

The Alhambra

Commissions in the Muslim Nasrid Dynasty that ran from 1238 through 1492, the Alhambra is one of the most iconic examples of this architectural style. It was a palace built by princes. Some components of it have not survived, but the fortress along the west end of the hill and the residence to the east are still present. There are also notable gardens and pavilions that dot the landscape. 

To fully explore the richness of this structure you have to look at the details. There is carved wood throughout. You will also find carved geometric stalactite designs. It’s quite beautiful and intriguing.

Modern Islamic Architecture

Stepping away from history and looking towards the future, Islamic architecture continues to hold many of the same details and intricate features. Islamic design continues to embrace the region’s landscape. Many of the same styles and architectural features remain the same. The incorporation of modern techniques is growing, too.

Photo by Popup Agency

National Museum of Qatar

Perhaps the most impressive example of modern Islamic architecture is the National Museum of Qatar. Designed by Ateliers Jean Nouvel, it pays homage to the history of the country. The building itself is 350 meters in length. It is meant to look like a desert rose. In the centre is the renovated Palace of Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim. But surrounding it are massive sculptural disks. They intersect and cantilever in various directions. 

To create this design, modern architects used more modern structural engineering methods. At the same time, they maintained much of the traditional materials used. It incorporates cutting-edge technology with the impressive detailing of traditional Islamic architecture.

Saadat Historic House in Iran

Designed by Parisa Manoucheheri Design, the Saadat Historic House in Kashan, Iran, is quite a testament to modern design. It sits in the heart of the Maranjab Desert. The city has a long history and is noted throughout that time for its production of glazed ceramics. There are numerous examples of stunning architecture within this building itself.

However, the Saadat Historic House is quite stunning in its own right. The property is more than 140 years old. Traditional elements, like the exterior garden courtyards, are still present. The property, though, spans more than 1000 square meters, and all of it is closed in or semi-closed, with open spaces in one area leading to the next area. The building encourages movement from one area to the next. Very simplistic and clean in design, the geometry and silhouette here are what make this property such a stunning example.

Palace of Justice in Spain

Numerous modern Islamic structures exist throughout the world. One of the most notable is the Palace of Justice, designed by Mecanno and located in Cordoba, Spain. It seems simple enough, though massive, with five stories of space. The city it sits in dates back to Medieval times, and architectural elements from that period remain present. Yet, this building is unique.

The Palace of Justice building is in several fragments, each one creating a courtyard and huge voids throughout. This allows for functionality and the Islamic architectural design of moving people through spaces. 

Photo by Lukas Kyzur

Heydar Aliyev Center in Azerbaijan

A component of the Islamic golden age architecture, the Heydar Aliyev Center is nothing short of stunning. It is a modern example of architecture in Baku, Azerbaijan. Designed by Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid, it is quite a mesmerizing building from a distance. Deep and tall arches and curved lines draw a person into this space. The building, which was recognized for its stunning design, is a cultural centre.

Several key concepts help it stand out, including the flow and movement of the arches and the massive courtyard out front. Thanks to its use of technology and modern building methods, it is a modern example, yet it maintains the beauty and functionality of Islamic architecture. 

Punchbowl Mosque in Australia

Another region noted for its stunning display of Islamic architecture is in Australia. Specifically, the Punchbowl Mosque designed by Candealepas Associates is quite an impressive sight and is very clearly reminiscent of more traditional Islamic design. The space features 103 concrete domes. Each one of them has ornate and details calligraphy on them. They tell the story of the 99 names of Allah. While this is a very modern space in terms of architectural design and influence, it still pays homage to those religious-focused design features this architecture is known for.

It took 20 years to produce this building (thanks to those ornate details). The concrete mosque has a more brutalist design than what is normally considered Islamic. Yet, it certainly showcases the beauty of the art that is present in these structures.

Key features include the vaulting muqarnas. There is also a modern-styled minaret that dominates the structure. 

Consider What Islamic Architecture Is and Offers

This architectural design often focuses on traditional methods. It is heavily found in Muslim countries but also in the cities where Muslims migrated during the Middle Ages. Examples of this architectural style can be found in areas like Egypt, Iraq, and Algeria. Yet, there are also examples, as noted, of it in numerous European countries (and even Australia and the US). 

Still today, many of the most beautiful details of this style focus heavily on a place to worship. Paying homage and creating beauty are core components of this belief system. It comes through in splendid form in numerous ways. From the depth of symmetry throughout these spaces to the unique use of intricately placed mosaics, it is hard not to become mesmerized with just a look at what this architectural style has to offer.

From the towering minarets that call people to prayer to the gold gilded domes that dot the landscape, every bit of attention is paid here to the details. Stunning and built with incredible attention to skill, modern versions simply enhance the way these spaces look and function.